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Nigeria

GDP/capita CAGR
0.8%
Unemployment (2025)
3.1%
Gini index (2022)
33.9
CO2/capita (2024)
0.6 t

Nigeria: sluggish, near-stagnant growth, 1980–2025

Nigeria's oil-dependent economy has grown mainly in line with crude prices, with a young, fast-growing population driving the underlying long-run trend and periodic naira devaluations along the way. Between 1980 and 2025, Nigeria's GDP per capita grew from $870 to $1,224 (current US$), a compound annual growth rate of 0.8% — sluggish, near-stagnant growth. Annual GDP growth averaged 3.0% with a year-to-year standard deviation of 5.2 points, reflecting considerable volatility and periodic crises. Structurally, agriculture's share of the economy moved from 12.2% to 23.0% of GDP (a notable increase), while services rose from 47.5% to 58.2% of GDP, underscoring a shift toward a services-driven economy. On human development, life expectancy rose from 46.0 to 54.6 years, while tertiary school enrollment moved from 1.9% to 9.7%, while the urban population share grew from 27.4% to 63.8%.

What this growth cost: Growth was not without cost: per-capita CO2 emissions fell from 1.21 to 0.57 tonnes CO2e per person; income inequality (Gini index) narrowed from 38.7 to 33.9; the poverty headcount ratio fell from 51.1% to 41.8%.

Events shaping this economy

1987 · crisis
Black Monday stock market crash
Global equity markets fell sharply on October 19, 1987, the largest single-day percentage decline in modern stock market history, though it had limited lasting effect on real GDP.
2008–2009 · crisis
Global Financial Crisis
The collapse of the US subprime mortgage market and Lehman Brothers triggered the deepest global recession since the 1930s, with sharp GDP contractions, bank bailouts, and years of after-effects across nearly every major economy.
2014 · crisis
Oil price collapse
Crude prices fell by more than half amid a global supply glut, hitting fiscal revenue and growth in oil-dependent economies while benefiting importers.
2020–2021 · crisis
COVID-19 pandemic and global recession
Lockdowns and demand shocks caused the sharpest synchronized global GDP contraction since World War II, followed by an uneven, stimulus-fueled recovery.
2021–2023 · monetary
Post-pandemic global inflation surge
Supply-chain disruption, pent-up demand, and expansive fiscal/monetary stimulus drove the sharpest global inflation surge in four decades, prompting synchronized central-bank rate hikes.

Macroeconomic

GDP growth
% annual
GDP per capita
current US$
Inflation (CPI)
% annual
Unemployment
% of labor force
Government debt
% of GDP
Data not available for Nigeria
Exports
% of GDP
Data not available for Nigeria
Imports
% of GDP
Data not available for Nigeria
Foreign direct investment, net inflows
% of GDP
Current account balance
% of GDP
Government expenditure
% of GDP
Data not available for Nigeria

Structural & Microeconomic

Agriculture, value added
% of GDP
Industry, value added
% of GDP
Services, value added
% of GDP
Labor force participation
% of population 15+
Gini index (inequality)
index (0-100)
Poverty headcount ratio
% of population

Education & Development

Tertiary school enrollment
% gross
Adult literacy rate
% of people 15+
Education spending
% of GDP
Primary pupil-teacher ratio
pupils per teacher
Life expectancy at birth
years
Urban population
% of total
Total population
people

Environmental Cost

CO2 emissions per capita
t CO2e per capita